This electronic supplement presents rupture maps annotated to show linear segments and measurements of bends in the ruptures. Maps with discussion of data sources and references were published in Wesnousky (2008; hereafter, W08) and Biasi and Wesnousky (2016; hereafter, BW16). In general, minimum linearized section lengths of 5–7 km have been used. Readers are advised to consult the map scale in evaluating linearized summaries. For the shortest ruptures, the map scale is such that the linearization can appear rough. For long ruptures, the linearization may neglect minor deflections where they were judged unlikely to influence dynamic rupture propagation. Where necessary to isolate the contribution of bends as changes in strike direction, the orientations of some sections have been transferred across steps.
Ending bend angles are indicated only where the rupture actually deflects, or where mapping of the fault is sufficient to determine how the fault continues. Some flexibility was exercised in evaluating which ending rupture sections were better understood as dying displacement that leaked around a corner. Where available, displacements of these ending sections of rupture were consulted and showed a rapid decline away from the main trace.
The map for the 1988 Gengma rupture was modified using a source discovered after BW16 was published (Zhou et al., 1990). The original map in BW16 was at a large scale, such that the bend angles could be questioned, although in the end, the interior bend angle estimates differed by only 1°. The 1988 Lancang rupture in BW16 was not used because no similarly detailed surface rupture map has been located.
In each map, there is a text portion summarizing measurements on the rupture. IB refers to the maximum interior bend, interior referring to the inner end(s) of a main trace section of at least 5–7 km. On the line labeled “Sq,” all tabulated interior bends are listed. Sign changes reflect an opposite sense, clockwise (CW) to counterclockwise (CCW), or vice versa. The absolute values of the entries are summed to obtain the total absolute angle deviation (squirreliness) in Table 1 in the main article. For net angular displacement, the signs of the bends are preserved, and the absolute value of the net deflection is shown in Table 1 in the main article. The CW–CCW convention depends on which end one starts at and has not been standardized. Rupture-ending bend entries include the bend angle and distance the rupture continued before dying out for each end of the rupture. For some ruptures, fault mapping data are not available to make the measurement. F2F, where indicated, lists the case or cases where a fault-to-fault jump has been counted. “Complexity” refers without distinction to whether the rupture includes a splay (Y) or conjugate sense (T) shape is present or whether the coseismic rupture pattern includes major disjoint elements (e.g., the shattered normal-faulting region of the 1987 Edgecumbe, New Zealand, earthquake). “Overlaps” are summed over the entire rupture and counted where two traces in the rupture are mapped as overlapping.
Figure S1. Annotated surface rupture for the 1857 Fort Tejon, California, earthquake.
Figure S2. Annotated surface rupture for the 1887 Sonora, Mexico, earthquake.
Figure S3. Annotated surface rupture for the 1891 Neodani, Japan, earthquake.
Figure S4. Annotated surface rupture for the 1896 Rikuu, Japan, earthquake.
Figure S5. Annotated surface rupture for the 1915 Pleasant Valley, Nevada, earthquake.
Figure S6. Annotated surface rupture for the 1930 Kita-Izu, Japan, earthquake.
Figure S7. Annotated surface rupture for the 1939 Erzincan, Turkey, earthquake.
Figure S8. Annotated surface rupture for the 1940 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake.
Figure S9. Annotated surface rupture for the 1942 Erbaa-Niksar, Turkey, earthquake.
Figure S10. Annotated surface rupture for the 1943 Tosya, Turkey, earthquake.
Figure S11. Annotated surface rupture for the 1944 Gerede-Bolu, Turkey, earthquake.
Figure S12. Annotated surface rupture for the 1954 Dixie Valley, Nevada, earthquake.
Figure S13. Annotated surface rupture for the 1954 Fairview Peak, Nevada, earthquake.
Figure S14. Annotated surface rupture for the 1959 Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake.
Figure S15. Annotated surface rupture for the 1967 Mudurnu Valley, Turkey, earthquake.
Figure S16. Annotated surface rupture for the 1968 Borrego Mountain, California, earthquake.
Figure S17. Annotated surface rupture for the 1971 San Fernando, California, earthquake.
Figure S18. Annotated surface rupture for the 1979 Imperial Valley, California, earthquake.
Figure S19. Annotated surface rupture for the 1980 El Asnam, Algeria, earthquake.
Figure S20. Annotated surface rupture for the 1981 Sirch, and 1998 Fandoqa, Iran, earthquakes.
Figure S21. Annotated surface rupture for the 1983 Borah Peak, Idaho, earthquake.
Figure S22. Annotated surface rupture for the 1986 Marryat, Australia, earthquake.
Figure S23. Annotated surface rupture for the 1987 Edgecumbe, New Zealand, earthquake.
Figure S24. Annotated surface rupture for the 1987 Superstition Hills, California, earthquake.
Figure S25. Annotated surface rupture for the 1988 Tennant Creek, Australia, earthquake.
Figure S26. Annotated surface rupture for the 1990 Luzon, Philippines, earthquake.
Figure S27. Annotated surface rupture for the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake.
Figure S28. Annotated surface rupture for the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake.
Figure S29. Annotated surface rupture for the 1999 Duzce, Turkey, earthquake.
Figure S30. Annotated surface rupture for the 1999 İzmit, Turkey, earthquake.
Figure S31. Annotated surface rupture for the 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake.
Figure S32. Annotated surface rupture for the 2001 Kunlun, China, earthquake.
Figure S33. Annotated surface rupture for the 2002 Denali, Alaska, earthquake.
Figure S34. Annotated surface rupture for the 1892 Laguna Salada, Mexico, earthquake.
Figure S35. Annotated surface rupture for the 1905 Bulnay, Mongolia, earthquake.
Figure S36. Annotated surface rupture for the 1911 Chon-Kemin, Kyrgyzstan, earthquake.
Figure S37. Annotated surface rupture for the 1915 Avezzano, Italy, earthquake.
Figure S38. Annotated surface rupture for the 1920 Haiyuan, China, earthquake.
Figure S39. Annotated surface rupture for the 1927 Kita-Tango, Japan, earthquake.
Figure S40. Annotated surface rupture for the 1928 Subikia-Laikipia, Kenya, earthquake.
Figure S41. Annotated surface rupture for the 1931 Fuyun, China, earthquake.
Figure S42. Annotated surface rupture for the 1932 Changma, China, earthquake.
Figure S43. Annotated surface rupture for the 1953 Yenice-Gonen, Turkey, earthquake.
Figure S44. Annotated surface rupture for the 1956 San Miguel, Baja California, Mexico, earthquake.
Figure S45. Annotated surface rupture for the 1957 Gobi-Altai, Mongolia, earthquake.
Figure S46. Annotated surface rupture for the 1962 Buyin Zara (Ipak), Iran, earthquake.
Figure S47. Annotated surface rupture for the 1967 Mogod, Mongolia, earthquake.
Figure S48. Annotated surface rupture for the 1968 Dasht-e-Bayaz, Iran, earthquake.
Figure S49. Annotated surface rupture for the 1970 Gediz, Turkey, earthquake.
Figure S50. Annotated surface rupture for the 1977 Bob-Tangol (Gisk-Kirman), Iran, earthquake.
Figure S51. Annotated surface rupture for the 1978 Tabas, Iran, earthquake.
Figure S52. Annotated surface rupture for the 1979 Khuli-Buniabad, Iran, earthquake.
Figure S53. Annotated surface rupture for the 1980 Irpinia, Italy, earthquake.
Figure S54. Annotated surface rupture for the February 1981, Corinth, Greece, earthquake.
Figure S55. Annotated surface rupture for the March 1981, east Gulf of Corinth, Greece, earthquake.
Figure S56. Annotated surface rupture for the 1988 Gengma, China, earthquake.
Figure S57. Annotated surface rupture for the 1988 Spitak, Armenia, earthquake.
Figure S58. Annotated surface rupture for the 1990 Rudbar, Iran, earthquake.
Figure S59. Annotated surface rupture for the 1995 Neftegorsk (Sakhalin), Russia, earthquake.
Figure S60. Annotated surface rupture for the 1997 Zirkuh, Iran, earthquake.
Figure S61. Annotated surface rupture for the 2005 Kashmir, Pakistan, earthquake.
Figure S62. Annotated surface rupture for the 2008 Wenchuan, China, earthquake.
Figure S63. Annotated surface rupture for the 2010 El Mayor–Cucapah, Mexico, earthquake.
Figure S64. Annotated surface rupture for the 2010 Darfield (Christchurch), New Zealand, earthquake.
Figure S65. Annotated surface rupture for the 2010 Yushu, China, earthquakes.
Figure S66. Annotated surface rupture for the 2011 Iwaki (Fukushima-Hamadori), Japan, earthquake.
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